Properties of Enzymes and Competitive Inhibitors

Index Page Abstract. . . 3 Introduction. . .. 3 Materials and Chemicals used.. .. . .. 3 Procedures.. 4 Tables 5-7 Results.. 8 word. .. 8 Conclusion. . 8 Works Cited .. 9 Properties of Enzymes and Competitive Inhibitors. Abstract Properties of enzymes were found in this experiment and some other factors, which sham enzyme activity.Enzymes argon catalyst they turn rattling specific reactions. Results relating to the active site of specific enzymes played a big role while performing this experiment. The purpose of this experiment was to fin how inhibitors affect enzymes activity by competing for the active site against substrates. Introduction Cells have the ability to perform chemic reactions that at normal temperature outside the body glide by too slowly to support life. Cells argon able to perform some reactions rapidly because they possess protein catalyst called enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (i. . , increase the rates of) chemical reactions. Each enzyme ha s a unique globular shape, a small portion of which functions as an active site capable of binding to specific reactants or substrates. It was hypothesized that enzyme concentration, temperature, and inhibitors pull up stakes affect the properties and abilities of the enzyme. Materials 1Wax Marking Pens 150 ml Beakers 3 400 ml Beaker 1 container of parafilm 1 set of 20 spec tobacco pipes 1 regular leaven tobacco pipe rack 1 small interrogatory tube rack 1 box Kimwipes Eye Droppers 1 thermometer 2-10ml Graduated Cylinders 1 Spectrophotometer 7 C waterbath with try on tube racks Solutions 1 flasks of pH 7 buffered ONPG 1 flask of Lactose 8% 1 flask of pH 7 buffered 1 flasks of 8% beta galactosidase Procedure 1. Obtain five test tubes and label them (i. e. A, B, C, D, E) 2. victimisation a 10 ml graduated cylinder put Note It is very important to add enzyme last. 1 ml of pH 7 buffered ONPG + No Lactose 8%(0ml) +(1 ml pH buffer) + Enzyme (1ml) solutions into tube A. 0% Lactose. 3 . Using a 10 ml graduated cylinder put 1 ml of pH 7 buffered ONPG + Lactose 8% (. 25ml) +(. 75ml pH buffer) + Enzyme (1ml) solutions into tube B. % Lactose. 4. Using a 10 ml graduated cylinder put 1 ml of pH 7 buffered ONPG + Lactose 8% (. 5ml) +(. 5ml pH buffer) + Enzyme (1ml) solutions into tube C. 4% Lactose. 5. Using a 10 ml graduated cylinder put 1 ml of pH 7 buffered ONPG + Lactose 8% (. 75ml) +(. 25ml pH buffer) + Enzyme (1ml) solutions into tube D. 6% Lactose. 6. Using a 10 ml graduated cylinder put 1 ml of pH 7 buffered ONPG + Lactose 8% (1ml) +(0ml pH buffer) + Enzyme (1ml) solutions into tube E. 8% Lactose. 7. Cover each of the tubes with parafilm and place the tubes in the 37 C waterbath for 30 minutes. . After 30 minutes, determine if the reaction has occurred in each tube, and remonstrate change in color. 9. running tube E acted as our control test tube because no competitive inhibitor was added. Lactose was the competitive inhibitor for this reaction into the test t ube. Note Because the result on steps 4 and 6 were not accurate for our particular experiment, steps 4 and 6 were performed twice. The following prorogue and chart express the results after the cakements and mixing. Table 1. Measurements after mixing the solutions into the test tubes.Solutions pH 7 Buffered ONPG (ml) Lactose 8% (ml) pH buffer (ml) Enzyme B-Gal (ml) Total amount of mls. Test tube A 1 0 1 1 3 Test tube B 1 0. 25 0. 75 1 3 Test tube C 1 0. 5 0. 5 1 3 Test tube D 1 0. 75 0. 25 1 3 Test tube E 1 1 0 1 3 This table represents the total amounts of each solution added to each test tube in localize to get 3 mls for each test tube. This table is used only to represent how the result will look like. interpret 1. Measurements after mixing the solutions into the test tubes. This graph depicts the contents inside the test tubes after mixing the mentioned solutions.Measurement of O-nitrophenol. (ONPG) Although the appearance of yellow in the tubes indicated that O-nitropheno l was present, the color, alone, did not tell us how much was present. It was possible to measure the amount of O-nitrophenol present by measuring the intensity of the yellow with a spectrophotometer. 1. The contents of the 5 tubes were poured into spec 20 tubes. The positions were labeled, plainly the spec tubes were left clear in order to have an accurate measurement absorbance. 2. Test tube E acted as the control tube for this, since that tube did not contain inhibitor.Note Absorbance 420nm in this experiment will be a measure of the concentration of the O-nitrophenol molecules in each of the solutions. Using the Spectrophotometer The spectrophotometer was an instrument designed to measure the amount of light transmitted through solutions, or absorbed by substances in the solution. Light of a specific wavelength is emitted from a special bulb and passed through a tube containing a substance solution. The greater concentration of those particles the greater the absorbance. It is very important to select the most appropriate wavelength of light for use.These procedures were followed in order to set up the Spectrophotometer. 1. 420 nm was the wavelength to use in the inhibitor experiment lab designed because O-nitrophenol maximally absorbs a light at 420. 2. The Spectrophotometer was zeroed out with the control party boss so that the needle reads 0% transmittance on the upper scale. 3. The control tube A was put in the holder, and the lid was closed. The light control pommel was adjusted so that the needle could read 100% transmittance. 4. The control tube was removed from the holder. The lid was then closed noticing the needle again read 0% transmittance. 5.All other test tubes were placed into the Spectrophotometer and read as well. 6. Data for these results was recorded on the following table. Table 2. Effect of competitive inhibitor concentration lactose on the production of O-nitrophenol. Effect of Competitive Inhibitor Concentration on production of ONGP Product Tube Inhibitor Concentration Intensity of yellow Absorbance ? moles of ONPG produced/30min ? moles of ONPG produced/min A 0% ++++ 1. 55 38. 75 1. 291666667 B 2% +++ 0. 43 107. 5 3. 583333333 C 4% ++ 0. 13 32. 5 1. 083333333 D 6% + 0. 02 5 0. 166666667 E 8% 0 0 0 0Calculation of ? moles O-nitrophenol produced per minutes. Ex. Tube A ? moles of ONPG produced/30min Absorbance/0. 004= ? moles of ONPG produced per 30min 0. 155 / 0. 004= 38. 75 ? moles Ex 2 Tube A ? moles of ONPG produced/min ?moles of ONPG produced per 30min/ 30min 38. 75 /30=1. 291666667 ? moles of ONPG produced/min From the absorbance data that was measured the O-nitrophenol produced per minute was calculated. 1. Each ? mole of O-nitrophenol produced an absorbance of 0. 004. The absorbance measured was divided by 0. 004 to determine the number of ? moles produced during the experiment.The values were recorded in table 2, fifth column. 2. The measurements that were obtained in the fifth column were divide d by 30(number of minutes left in the waterbath) to obtain the number of ? moles of O-nitrophenol produced per minute. Graph 2. Absorbance measurements for inhibitor concentration lactose on the production of O-nitrophenol. Absorbance Absorbance Test Tubes Test Tubes Results According to the hypothesis that temperature, enzyme concentration, and concentration will affect the properties and functions of the enzymes. The hypothesis was supported because graph and tables express the change in absorbance, and ? oles produced. Discussion The tables were able to depict the result in order to get better and accurate results for this particular experiment. Measurements have to be performed with precaution, making sure the enzyme and the contents are mixed properly and at the same time. Conclusion Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules. Inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity activators are molecules that increase activity. Activity is also affected by temperature, chemical environment, change in pH, and the concentration of substrate.