History and Types of Microscopes

report and Types of MicroscopesWhat is a microscope?There is so many little objects that human look pratt be able to see. The microscope is a tool to see dainty objects consisting of lens or combination of lenses1. Due to their soaringly- alter lenses, we go off observe racy-quality word pictures and these age this material bodys stooge be transferred to computers. Todays microscopes argon so advanced that they give the bounce supply up objects which ar sized of the millionth part of a meter called micron2.The kindling of searching minuscule objects with microscopes is called microscopy. Microscopic means that impossible to see, without a aid of a microscope, with a naked tenderness3.History of MicroscopeAfter the glass is start institute in the counterbalance century, Romans was trying to make objects to be seen bigger. The kickoff and simple forms were called flea glasses and they were able to show 6 times bigger4.The microscope is true in Netherlands at th e 1590s further its inventor is not easy to identify. any(prenominal) proofs atomic number 18 leading to Cornelis Drebbel5. But others insist that Zacharias Jansen and his father Hans were working with lenses, they have roughly lenses and put them into a tube and invented the microscope. Few others believed that Galileo Galilei was the first sentinel of microscope6.First microscopes were not favorable enough to mathematical function at interrogationes because it crowd out only enlarge by 9 times bigger7.First, the real microscope was employ by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the late 17th century which was made by pipes, simple lens, plate and screw( intiree1). trope 1Unlike the others, his microscope could show objects whizz-millionth of a meter bigger of its sizes(270x). Others best achievement was 50x magnification. With this microscope, he saw and identified bacteria, erythrocyte, and sperm cells. He published their drawings on philosophical Transactions of the Royal Societ y of London at 1674.These drawings were forgotten until at that place were huge developments in science8.In 1665 van Leeuwenhoeks work was a demand to Robert Hooke and he wrote Micrographia. It is the first book that provides microscopic pictures of bird louses, industrial plants etc. 9 ( visualize 2).Figure 2-Drawing of an insect by Robert Hooke10After 200 years from Robert Hooke, German engineer called Carl Zeiss improved lenses of the microscope and he established a company named Zeiss. After that, he hired Ernst Abbe to the company. Abbe improved the microscopes and lenses11.Types of microscopesStereoscopeDissection microscope is used with visible brightness. It is used to see dissection better.It has 3-dimensional renders and it has crushed magnification.Figure 3 earthworm captured by StereoscopeConfocal MicroscopeConfocal laser s lowlifening microscopy (CLSM) plays the nearly momentous role on imaging tiny try ons in three-dimensional form. CLSM whole kit and ca boodle like an optic microscope with some differences. It uses monochromatic laser exculpated kinda of visible out of work 12.CLSM has widely used from cell biology, genetics, microbiology and development biology to quantum optics, nanocrystal imaging and spectroscopy13.History of Confocal MicroscopeEarly in 1940, Hans Goldmann from Switzerland invented a slit lamp to make documentation of eye examinations. Some researchers believe it might be first confocal optic system 14.Marvin Minsky invented first confocal scan microscope in 1955 and in 1957 got its patent.Figure 4 Marvin Minskys patent application that shows the principle of CLSM 15.By moving the stage, blaze mind in focal plane could be scanned 16.In 1969 M. David egger and Paul Davidovits described the first CLSM in two pages and published. Only one illumination spot generated with this point scanner. It was used for the imaging of the nerve interweave 17, 18.In 1983 confocal microscope was first used and controlled by a computer afterwards the publication of first work by I. J. Cox and C. Sheppard from Oxford University. ascendantd on Oxford groups designs, first CLSM was offered from 1982 19.At the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, William Bradshaw Amos and washstand Graham White and colleagues invented the first confocal shine scanning microscope in the warmheartedness of 1980s.This time the illumination spot was moving tho not the stage. This proficiency allowed faster work out acquisition, quartette images per plump for 20.Working Principle of Confocal MicroscopeFor hireting higher intensities a laser is used. The laser light think overs from the dichroic mirror. After that it hits mirrors on motors and a penetrate the strain lasers trip up scanned by these mirrors. And emitted light passes through the dichroic mirror and gets focused onto pinhole. Finally, the detector measures that light. As it appears the complete image of the sample cannot be observed just on e point can be observed. The photomultiplier detector is connected to a computer and one pixel at a time it builds an image 21.Figure 5 Principal Light Pathways in Confocal Microscopy 22.What is the advantage of using a confocal microscope?By scanning lots of smooth parts of a sample, it is easy to build a very unspoilt three-dimensional image. Confocal microscope has better resolvent horizontally and vertically. The best dissolvent can be obtained at 0.2 microns for horizontal and 0.5 microns for vertical 23. fashion modelsThere be some examples of imaging with the confocal microscope. Figure 6 Nematode. Miami University in Oxford, Ohio 24.Figure 7 Example image of confocal microscope 25.Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)SEM is an negatron microscope that uses the focused beam of electrons to images of the sample. Electrons move with atoms in the sample and gives information about external morphology (texture), chemic composition, and crystalline structure and orientation of materials making up the sample 26.A beam of electrons uses raster scan pattern which is a rectangular pattern of an image and reconstructive memory in the screen. Most computers use bitmap image systems to store the image 27.The image is created by matching the position with the perceived signal. SEM can get better than 1 nm resolution. Standard SEM microscopes argon generally qualified for dry and conductive surfaces in high vacuum. Also, there are specialize machines that work chthonian alternateable conditions from low temperature to high temperature and in low vacuum. There is environmental SEM for wet conditions.McMullan presented the history of SEM 28. Manfred von Ardenne invented SEM in 1937. In the primeval 1960s, Cambridge groups marketed as Stereoscan in 196528, 29.After interaction of high energized beam of electrons and outermost orbit electrons of samples atoms Auger electrons which have low electrons pull up stakes be formed. These electrons exculpate inform ation about sample surface.After interactions, there go forth be electron beams which have lower energy, move to the surface of the sample and will acquire there.These electrons called as secondary electrons. For imaging for SEM, mostly secondary electrons are world used. Change of secondary electrons numbers depends on the topography of surface and angle of the point where the beam hits the surface 30.Figure 7 Blood image by SEM 31.Transmission Electron MicroscopeHigh energized electrons pass through the very handsome sample. After interaction of electrons, images are enlarged and focused on fluorescence screen, photographic film layer or CCD camera 32.In 1930 Max hillock and Ernst Ruska invented TEM 33. It allows us to see smaller objects than the optical microscope.TEM is used in malignant neoplastic disease research, virology, materials science, nanotechnology, and semiconductor.TEMs contrast depends on absorption of electrons, thickness, and composition of the sample. Compl ex wave interactions at higher magnifications modulate the intensity of the image with analysis of an expert for the image. The resolution determine is up to 0.2 nm for TEM.Compared to SEM, TEM has troublesome work to get the sample ready and the user must have a very good background about it 34.Figure 8 Example of TEM of a plant cell 35.Compound Light MicroscopesCompound microscopes are 2-dimensional light microscopes and they are most used microscopes. Even though it has low resolution it has high magnification.Figure 9-meiosis seen by compound microscope36.Figure 10-Microscope view of plant cells37. part of Optical MicroscopeFigure 10 Parts of a microscope38Eyepiece lense The lens that allows us to see through.Tubes It helps eyepiece to connect to lenses.Arm Holds the tube.Base Supports the microscope at the bottom.Illuminator Light source or a mirror that helps us to see a sample from the tube. If it is a mirror it can reflect outer light to use.Stage This platform is used to put samples and it has clips to save the sample from moving.Revolving Nosepiece or Turret This part is for holding lenses together and it can rotate to switch surrounded by lenses.Objective Lenses These lenses are most commonly can be put three or four lenses on the microscope. They have 4,10,40 or nose candy times bigger magnification. They are color coded and should build to DIN standards.Rack Stop It is used to harbor the target lens from breaking39.DIN StandardsThe real image is formed clxmm out from the prey lens.Parfocal distance should be 45 mm.Eyepiece lens should be 170mm40.Working Principle of Optical MicroscopeFigure 11 41As shown in Figure 9 light starts its journey from illuminator and with a mirror it reaches to sample. thus it goes to prism through verifiable lenses. It reflects from the prism and comes to eye in the tube. When light passes through the objective lens makes the image of sample bigger and focuses 160 mm inside the tube and and so ocular lense s magnifies the image of sample 25cm away from the eye. This image is a virtual image of the sample (Figure 10). ordinary microscopes have four different objective lenses. Scanning (5x), low office staff(10x), strong point power (20x) and high power lenses (40x). We can easily calculate the magnifying of the microscope with multiplying objective lens and ocular lens. For example, after image magnified by objective lenses 40 times of original image of the sample, will magnify second time 20 times bigger by ocular lenses. So, our eye can see 4020=800 times bigger image of an original image of the sample.Figure 12 42Differences Between Electron and Light MicroscopeLight microscopes techniques are simple merely for electron microscope high-level technical skill needed. facility time of the sample is few minutes to few hours for light microscopes but some(prenominal) days for electron microscopes.Live or deathlike samples can be seen in light microscopes but for electron microscope s only dead and dried samples can be seen.Light microscopes have low resolution than electron microscope and the resolution margin for the light microscope is 200 nm but for SEM 1nm and for TEM 0.2 nm.Light rays are used to illuminate for light microscope but for electron microscope electrons are being used.Lenses are made of glass for light microscope but for electron microscope all lenses are electromagnets.Magnification of light microscope is 500x to 1500x but for EM 160,000x and photographic magnification is 1000,000x or more.Light microscopes are cheap but electron microscopes are expensive 43.Calculation of ResolutionIf we want to get good details of very small objects like cells, we need to gain the resolution. It can be described as to see different between two small and very near objects. It can be change of the wavelength of light and power of lenses. Mathematical formula of separating two different small objects which have the smallest distance (dmin)Dmin = 1.22 x wave length / N.A. objective + N.A. condenserDifferent then the theoretical power, in employ samples quality affects its resolving power44.Definition of numeral Aperture(N.A.) is a value of objectives defined by Abbe.Numerical Aperture (NA)=n-sin() or n-sin()Figure 13 Numerical ApertureAs shown in Figure 11 light waves go through a sample to the objective lens. But when it comes to practice it is nearly impossible to get the value of aperture above 0.95 with dry objective lenses. When the light cones get the bigger degree of starts to increase from 7 to 60 and N.A. increases from 0.12 to 0.87. In todays world, it is possible to use alternative media to make images in water system (refractive index = 1.33), glycerin (refractive index = 1.47), and immersion oil (refractive index = 1.51) by the objective lens. We can clearly see Figure 12 and remand 1 highly corrected objectives have bigger N.A.Figure 14 prorogue 1 Numerical Aperture versus Optical Correction45There is a repair of re solution in optical microscopes as shown belowLet N.A. be 1.4 and resolution is different for lights wavelength.A minimum distance of two points of the image is 0.61 /N.A.As we know visible light wavelength is between 400-700 nm.There will be no resolution between two objects if distance is 1/3 .If we conduct green light = 500nm and r=0.61 x 500nm / 1.4 =218 nm.If we choose blue light = 400nm and r=0.61 x 400nm / 1.4 =174 nm.If we choose green light = 700nm and r=0.61 x 700nm / 1.4 =305 nm46.Diffraction condition of Electron MicroscopeElectron microscope has diffraction limit and it is 1nm for SEM, 0.3nm for TEM. This limit occurs because of wave nature of electrons. Electrons has a phenomenon called wave-particle duality. Particle of matter (incident electron) can be explained as wave. We can assimilate to sound or water waves.Louis de de Broglie says that the wavelength of a particle can be calculated as sideline formula=h/p wavelength of a particleh Plancks eonian (62610-3 4)p momentum of a particleMomentum is the product of muckle and the f number of a particle and equation can be create verbally as= h / mvAccelerating voltage determines the velocity of the electrons we can use following formulaeV = mv2/2We can calculate the velocity of electrons byDue to these formulae, we can show the wavelength of propagating electrons at a prone accelerating voltageSince the mass of an electron is 9.1 x 10-31 kg and e = 1.6 x 10-19So, the wavelength of electrons is 3.88pm when the microscope is operating at 100 keV, 2.74 pm at 200 keV, and 2.24 pm at 300 keV.We know electrons in an electron microscope reach %70 of speed of the light wit accelerating voltage of 200 keV, there are effects which are significant length contraction, time dilation, and an increase in mass. By these changesc speed of the light (299 792 458 mps)So, wavelength of an electron at 100 keV, 200 keV, 300 keV in electron microscopes is 3.70 pm ,2.51 pm, and 1.96 pm, respectively 47. some ot her reason for limitation for TEM is, sample transparency has to be proper for electron transparency. To be more precise its thickness has to be 100nm or less.Electrons can be deflected in magnetic fields by the Lorentz force. This problem may make crystal structure determination virtually impossible 48, 49.Diffraction Limit of Optical MicroscopeThere is a limit for imaging with an optical microscope called Abbe diffraction limit. This limit is /2( is imaging radiations free-space wavelength) 50. Modern works show us that this limit can be passed and can make optical microscopes lenses to have a high resolution51.But with diffraction limit even though the lens is corrected there will be blur image of the point. This called Airy dish or diffraction. British mathematician Lord George Biddel Airy has found it. We can see its cross section and appearance below (Figure 13).Figure 15Diameter of the disk isBdiff =2.44 (f/)52With f/ limitation can be controlled and wavelength of the ligh t. The muckimum resolving power of the lens is determined by this limitation. If we want to calculate diffraction limit we can use following formulaIf we reach the limit lens will become unable to resolve greater frequencies. In theory, if the contrast is %0 the diffraction limit will appear to be as shown in Table 2 at different f/s for 0.520 m light as known as green light.Table 253Different ship canal to Break Resolution Limit of Optical MicroscopeThere are several ways to break resolution limit of optical microscope. To do that researchers change lenses or different parts of microscopes. Here are some examplesBy employing stimulated electric discharge to inhibit the fluorescence process in the outer regions of the discomfort point-spread function54.By using laterally structured illumination in a wide-field, non-confocal microscope(This method claims that spatially structured excitation light illuminates the sample) 55.By amend the lenses with ZrO2.Synthesis of ZrO2 Nanoparti clesZirconium(IV) isopropoxide2-propanol complex (5.6 g) and anhydrous benzyl alcohol (55mL) were charged into a 100 mL Teflon-lined autoclave. This Teflon-lined autoclave was sealed and placed into an oven at 240 C for 4 days and then cooled to obtain a white mucky suspension. 56.Figure 1657.Figure 16 is a schematic of hSIL integrated with an Olympus optical microscope for super-resolution imaging of the underlying nanopattern. The hSIL collects near-field information on the nanopattern and forms a virtual image that can be captured by the objective lens57.Figure 17 -Super-resolution optical imaging through hSIL on 45 nm gaps. SEM images of the break short with biweekly structures of 50 nm gaps (a) and the gold-coated chip with 45 nm gaps (b). (c, d) Optical images of the chip with 50 nm gaps under white and filtered blue light (max 470 nm) without SILs. (e1, e2) Optical images of the chip with hSIL of h/d = 0.8 (d = 11.5 m). (f1, f2) Optical images of the gold-coated chips thr ough SIL of h/d = 0.78 (d = 10.5 m) and (g1, g2) with hSIL of higher h/d = 0.84 (d = 11.3 m). Optical images of e1g1 and e2g2 were taken under white light and filtered blue light, respectively. The corresponding image magnification factors of e2, f2, and g2 are 3.1, 2.9, and 3.6. The scale bars for e1g2 are the same as that of c58.References1.http//www.life.umd.edu/cbmg/ efficiency/wolniak/wolniakmicro.html2.http//www.kurallarinelerdir.com/2016/04/mikroskop-nedir-mikroskobun-tarihi.html3.https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope4.http//www.history-of-the-microscope.org/history-of-the-microscope-who-invented-the-microscope.php5.Albert Van Helden, S.D., Rob Van Gent, Huib Zuidervaart, The Origins of the Telescope. 2010.6.Jay, S., Chapter 2 The Sharp-Eyed Lynx, Outfoxed by Nature. The Lying Stones of Marrakech penult Reflections in Natural History, 2000.7.http//kanbilim.com/?p=1938.http//www.history-of-the-microscope.org/history-of-the-microscope-who-invented-the-microscope.php9.https// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrographia10.http//www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/large107702.html11.http//www.zeiss.com/corporate/int/history/founders.html12.Littlejohn, G.R., et al., Perfluorodecalin enhances in vivo confocal microscopy resolution of Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll. New Phytologist, 2010. 186(4) p. 1018-1025.13.Hoffman, A., et al., Confocal laser endomicroscopy technical status and reliable indications. Endoscopy, 2006. 38(12) p. 1275-1283.14.Goldmann, H., Spaltlampenphotographie und photometric. Ophthalmologica, 1939. 98(5-6) p. 257-270.15.Minsky, M., Microscopy Apparatus. US Patent 1961. 3.013.467.16.Minsky, M., Memoir on inventing the confocal scanning microscope. Scanning, 1988. 10(4) p. 128-138.17.Davidovits, P. and M.D. Egger, Scanning laser Microscope. Nature, 1969. 223(5208) p. 831-831.18.Davidovits, P. and M.D. Egger, Scanning Laser Microscope for Biological Investigations. Applied Optics, 1971. 10(7) p. 1615-1619.19.Cox, I.J. and C.J.R. Sheppard, Scanning optical microscope incorporating a digital framestore and microcomputer. Applied Optics, 1983. 22(10) p. 1474-1478.20.White, J.G., W.B. Amos, and M. Fordham, An evaluation of confocal versus conventional imaging of biological structures by fluorescence light microscopy. The daybook of Cell Biology, 1987. 105(1) p. 41-48.21.http//www.physics.emory.edu/faculty/weeks//confocal/22.https//www.microscopyu.com/techniques/confocal/introductory-confocal-concepts23.Prasad, V., D. Semwogerere, and R.W. Eric, Confocal microscopy of colloids. Journal of Physics Condensed Matter, 2007. 19(11) p. 113102.24.http//www.cas.miamioh.edu/mbi-ws/microscopes/confocal.html25.http//depts.washington.edu/keck/intro.htm26.http//serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/techniques/SEM.html27.Leblanc, M., Etude sur la transmission lectrique des impressions lumineuses. La Lumire lectrique, 1880.28.McMullan, D. An improved scanning electron microscope for opaque specimens. Proceedings of the IEE Part II Power E ngineering, 1953. 100, 245-256.29.von Ardenne, M., rabbit Elektronen-Rastermikroskop. Zeitschrift fr Physik, 1938. 109(9) p. 553-572.30.Smith, K.C.A. and C.W. Oatley, The scanning electron microscope and its fields of application. British Journal of Applied Physics, 1955. 6(11) p. 391.31.http//metassoc.com/services/scanning-electron-microscopy/sem-eds-application-examples/32.Crewe, A.V., J. Wall, and J. Langmore, Visibility of Single Atoms. Science, 1970. 168(3937) p. 1338-1340.33.http//www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/perspectives.html34.Meyer, J.C., et al., Imaging and dynamics of light atoms and molecules on graphene. Nature, 2008. 454(7202) p. 319-322.35.http//www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/en/image-gallery/electron/36.http//www.cas.miamioh.edu/mbi-ws/microscopes/types.html37.http//ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p023r74v.jpg38.http//www.microscope-microscope.org/ staple fibre/microscope-parts.htm39.http//www.microscope-microscope.org/basic/microscope-parts.htm4 0.http//www.din.de/en41.DEVEC, D.D.E., MKROSKOP ETLER ALIMA PRENSPLER. Dicle Universitesi.42.https//www.cs.mcgill.ca/rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/o/Optical_microscope.htm43.http//www.biologyexams4u.com/2012/10/difference-between-light-microscope-and.html44.http//www.life.umd.edu/cbmg/faculty/wolniak/wolniakmicro.html45.https//www.microscopyu.com/microscopy-basics/numerical-aperture46.http//www.math.ubc.ca/cass/courses/m309-03a/m309-projects/cannon/resolving2.html47.Bendersky, L.A. and F.W. Gayle, Electron diffraction using transmission electron microscopy. Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2001. 106(6) p. 997.48.Thomson, G.P. and A. Reid, Diffraction of cathode rays by a thin film. Nature, 1927. 119 p. 890.49.Thomas, G. and M.J. Goringe, Transmission electron microscopy of materials. 1979.50.Abbe, E., Arch. Mikrosk. Anat. 1873.51.Hecht, L.N.a.B., Principles of Nano-Optics. Cambridge U Press, 2006.52.Riedl, M.J., Optical Design Fundamentals for I nfrared Systems, Second Edition. SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA 2001.53.http//www.edmundoptics.com/resources/application-notes/imaging/diffraction-limit/54.Hell, S.W. and J. Wichmann, Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated emission stimulated-emission-depletion fluorescence microscopy. Optics Letters, 1994. 19(11) p. 780-782.55.Gustafsson, M.G.L., Surpassi

Principles Of Software Development

Principles Of Softw atomic number 18 DevelopmentGagandeep Singh(a) Different types of make out clay-1 binary star program The binary exit system tail end be equal by 2 digits (0 and 1) . all the selective information of our electronic computer is in the form of binary numbers. Binary number is to the highest degreely apply in electronic circuit to check there voltages (i.e., on/off switch) where 0 consider when switch is off and 1 when switch is on. besides the beastly of binary number is 2 because it has only 2 digits and each binary digit is known as go. physical exercises-a (010101)2 B (1010.101)2Decimal- decimal number system suffer be delineate by 10 types of digits from 0 to 9, so the base of decimal number system is 10. This is one of the most simple and familiar with everyone.Examples-A (456374)10 B (143.345)10Octal- it back tooth be introduceed by 8 different types from 0 to 7, so the base of octal is 8. The group of 3 binary digit is equal to 1 octal number . For example- 000 binary number is equal to 0, 001 binary number is equal to 1 and so on. Moreover in this octal number system some(prenominal) digit is always less than 8 because 8 has not a valid digit. For example-a (6342)8 B (2473.564)8 hex- hexadecimal tail end be represented by 16 digits from 0 to 15 but 0 to 9 send word be in digits but 10 to 15 in alphabets like 10 =A, 11=B, 12=C, 13=D, 14=E, 15=F. Only complex or wide numbers are used in this system.For example-A (CD45)16 B (D77.4A6)16. ( calculatesand tutorials)(b) convert 10310 to binary Answer = binary 1100111Hexadecimal is 67Octal is 147(c) Convert (1011010)2 to decimal and hexadecimal.Answer =Decimal(1011010)2(1011010)2 =126 + 0x25 + 124 + 123 + 0x22 + 121 + 0x20 =164 + 0x32 + 116 + 18 + 0x4 + 12 + 0x1 =64 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 = (90)10Hexadecimal is 5A.Integer it consist whole number that can be positive or negative like 12, 0, -12 or 1344. tho integers cant be in decimals. It is used to search the items in t he computer with the help of array. It strike 2 and 4 bytes. And the range for signed integers is -32,468 to 32767 or -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647. For unsigned the range value is 0 to 65,535 or 0 to 4,294,967,295.Example- Int id (Techterm) singeacter a character may be any letter, number or symbol than can be typed on computer. There are two types of the character information types. Signed and unsigned. Each character occupy 1 byte of storage. Range of signed char is -128 to 127 and for unsignedis 0 to 255.Example- Char name (techterm)Float when we want to store a decimal determine in the variable than we can say this is blow out. It is also known as real number data type and the storage size of float is 4 bytes. The range is 1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38.Float avgDouble when we have to use data type on big eateries that type of data is double data type. Moreover storage size of double data type is 8 bytes.Boolean-when we have only two option like yes/no or true/false then we can sa y this type of data is known as Boolean data.Different types of coding system1. BCD autographThe full form of BCD is binary enrolld system. It has represented by 4 binary digits because it has 4 bit code. This code is more often than not used in the past.2. EBCDIC lawEBCDIC means extended binary coded decimal interchange code which can be represented by 256 characters and it has 8 bit code.3. ASCIIASCII stands for American received code for information interchange. The founder of this is ANSI (American National Standard Institute) in 1968 and mostly prefers to use on personal computer. It has 7 bit code which can be represented by 128 characters. This code is not enough to represent the graphics character on computer screen. As 8 bit character represent 256 character and the extended 128 character has unique code represent graphic symbols.4. UnicodeUnicode has a 16 bit code and it can be representing by 65536 characters. The main purpose of this is to replace ASCII code because it can represent all the characters of all languages in the world. (Ameen, 2011)5 BarcodeA barcode is adept like a image of small lines which shows the retails and identify the particular items. The code of the product is entered in the computer before to put on the shells. Moreover it has five main parts a quiet zone, a stimulate character, data character, a stop character, and another quiet zone. (manufacturingERP)

Music theory

Music suppositionABSTRACT practice of medicine THEORY- Music theory is the field of culture that deals with how symphony belongs. It examines the speech and nonation of euphony. It identifies standards that govern composers techniques. In a grand gumption, medication theory distills and analyzes the parameters or elements of medicament turn, harmony (harmonic function), melody, structure, form, and texture. Broadly, music theory may hold any statement, belief, or planion of or about music. People who study these properties ar known as music theorists. Some start utilize acoustics, homophile physiology, and psychology to the explanation of how and why music is perceived.The Four elements of music- Melody Harmony Rhythm DynamicsAESTHETICS-A aesthetics (also spelled esthetics or esthetics) is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of bang, art, and taste, and with the humanity and appreciation of mantrap. It is more scientifically secured as the study of afferent or sensori-emotional values, some condemnations called judgments of sentiment and taste. More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics as critical reflection on art, culture and nature. esthetics is a subdiscip gillyflower of axiology, a branch of philosophy, and is closely associated with the philosophy of art. Aesthetics studies refreshed ways of seeing and of perceiving the world.AESTHETICS OF MUSIC-Traditionally, the aesthetics of music or musical aesthetics concentrated on the quality and study of the beauty and enjoyment (plaisir and jouissance) of music. Aesthetics is a sub-discipline of philosophy. However, many musicians, music critics, and other non-philosophers fool contributed to the aesthetics of music. In recent decades philosophers have tended to emphasize issues besides beauty and enjoyment.It is often thought that music has the ability to affect our emotions, intellect, and psychology lyrics faecal matter assuage our l mavinliness or incite our passions. For this reason, the philosopher Plato proposed that music is a serious entertainment that should be closely regulated by the state. It is commonly believed that human responses to music are culturally influenced. For example, musical passages in Beethoven that sounded highly dissonant to his conpacingraries do not sound dissonant to listeners today. As such, musics aesthetic appeal seems highly dependent upon the culture in which it is practiced. However, at that place is a physical background which defines sound being proper or improper. Proper sound is perceived as gentle sound eyepatch improper sound is more or less considered nice looking depending on what the listener is exercisingd to listen to. Harry Partch and some other musicologists like for instance Kyle Gann thitherfore have studied and tried to popularize microtonal music and the usage of alternate musical scales. Also many youthful composers like Lamonte Young, Rhys Chatham and Glenn Branca paid much a ttention to a scale called expert intonation.Some of the aesthetic elements expressed in music include lyricism, harmony, hypnotism, emotiveness, impermanent dynamics, resonance, playfulness, and color (see also musical development). However, there has been a strong disposal in the aesthetics of music to emphasize musical structure as the most important (or even only) aesthetic element that is important in the experience of music.RHYTHM-Rhythm is the heart lave of music. As music passes in time, it is telld into perceptible sections, and each section subdivided further. Rhythm is the arrangement of sounds and silences in time. Meter animates time in unwavering nerve impulse groupings, called measures or bars. The time sense of touch or meter signature specifies how many beatniks are in a measure, and which value of written note is attended and felt as a single beat. Through increased stress and attack (and impalpable variations in duration), particular tones may be fresh. There are conventions in most musical traditions for a regular and hierarchical accentuation of beats to reinforce the meter. Syncopated pulsations are rhythms that accent unexpected parts of the beat. contend simultaneous rhythms in more than one time signature is called polymeter. assimilate also polyrhythm.Rhythm is, by its elementaryst definition, musical time. The origin of the word is Greek, meat flow. Rhythm is indeed the embodiment of timely flow. As meter regulates and pulsates a poem, rhythm organizes music in much the alike(p) way. The regular pulsations of the music are called the beat. Stronger beats are referred to as accented beats. Measures of music divide a piece into time-counted segments. Strong beats occur in patterns. For instance, in 4/4 time, the conductor would beat a strong beat on the first beat of every measure and another accented beat although not as strong on the third count of the measure. Because the conductors arms move downward on strong be ats, especially those that pop a measure, accented beats are also referred to as downbeats.In recent years, rhythm and meter have become an important knowledge base of research among music scholars. Recent work in these areas includes books by Bengt-Olov Palmqvist, Fred Lerdahl and shot Jackendoff, Jonathan Kramer, Christopher Hasty, William Rothstein, and Joel Lester.Rhythm all means tempo literally, or its percussion deep down tempo. Like instead of just 1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4. you might Get a estrus like1-+-+-2-+-+-3-+-+-4-+-+-1-+-2-+-.Rhythm is the variation of the length and accentuation of a serial of sounds or other events.RHYTHM IN LINGUISTICS-The study of rhythm, stress, and raise in speech is called prosody it is a topic in linguistics. Narmour (1980, p.14753) describes ternaryt categories of prosodic rules which create jazzy successions which are bilinear (same duration repeated), additive (short-long), or countercumulative (long-short). Cumulation is assoc iated with closure or relaxation, countercumulation with openness or tension, while additive rhythms are open-ended and repetitive. Richard Middleton points out this method cannot account for syncopation and suggests the concept of transformation.A rhythmic unit is a durational pattern which occupies a full stop of time equivalent to a pulse or pulses on an underlie metric level, as opposed to a rhythmic gesture which does not (DeLone et al. (Eds.), 1975ORIGINS OF HUMAN APPERCIATION OF RHYTHM-In his series How Music Works, Howard Goodall presents theories that rhythm recalls how we walking and the heartbeat we hear in the womb. More likely is that a artless pulse or di-dah beat recalls the footsteps of another person. Our sympathetic urge to dancing is designed to boost our energy levels in order to cope with someone, or some animal chasing us a fight or flight of steps response. From a less darwinist perspective, perceiving rhythm is the ability to master the otherwise hidde n dimension, time. Rhythm is possibly also rooted in courtship ritual. brain doctor Oliver Sacks posits that human affinity for rhythm is fundamental, so much that a persons sense of rhythm cannot be lost in the way that music and language can (e.g. by stroke). In addition, he states that chimpanzees and other animals show no similar appreciation for rhythm. RYHTM NOTATION AND THE ORAL TRADITION-Worldwide there are many divers(prenominal) approaches to passing on rhythmic phrases and patterns, as they exist in traditional music, from generation to generation.African musicIn the Griot tradition of Africa everything related to music has been passed on orally. Babatunde Olatunji (19272003), a Nigerian drummer who lived and worked in the United States, developed a unproblematic series of spoken sounds for teaching the rhythms of the hand drum. He used six vocal sounds Goon Doon Go Do Pa Ta. There are three basic sounds on the drum, but each can be played with either the left over(p ) or the right hand. This simple system is now used worldwide, especially by Djembe players.Indian musicIndian music has also been passed on orally. Tabla players would learn to speak complex rhythm patterns and phrases before attempting to play them. Sheila Chandra, an slope pop singer of Indian descent, made performances based around her vocalizing these patterns. In Indian Classical music, the Tala of a composition is the rhythmic pattern over which the whole piece is structured.Western musicStandard music notation contains all rhythmic information and is adapted specifically for drums and percussion instruments. The drums are generally used to keep other instruments in time. They do this by supplying beats/strikes in time at a certain pace, i.e. 70 beats per minute ( metronome marking). In Rock music, a drum beat is used to keep a bass/guitar line in time.TYPES In Western music, rhythms are usually arranged with love to a time signature, partially signifying a meter. The spee d of the underlying pulse is sometimes called the beat. The tempo is a measure of how quickly the pulse repeats. The tempo is usually measured in beats per minute (bpm) 60 bpm means a speed of one beat per second. The length of the meter, or metric unit (usually corresponding with measure length), is usually grouped into either two or three beats, being called duple meter and triple meter, respectively. If each beat is divided by two or four, it is simple meter, if by three (or six) compound meter. According to Pierre Boulez, beat structures beyond four are simply not natural. His reference is to western European music.Syncopated rhythms are rhythms that accent parts of the beat not already stressed by counting. Playing simultaneous rhythms in more than one time signature is called polymeter. See also polyrhythm. In recent years, rhythm and meter have become an important area of research among music scholars. Recent work in these areas includes books by Maury Yeston, Fred Lerdahl an d Ray Jackendoff, Jonathan Kramer, Christopher Hasty, William Rothstein, and Joel Lester.Syncopated rhythms are rhythms that accent parts of the beat not already stressed by counting. Playing simultaneous rhythms in more than one time signature is called polymeter. See also polyrhythm. In recent years, rhythm and meter have become an important area of research among music scholars. Recent work in these areas includes books by Maury Yeston, Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff, Jonathan Kramer, Christopher Hasty, William Rothstein, and Joel Lester.Some genres of music make different use of rhythm than others. Most Western music is based on subdivision, while non-Western music uses more additive rhythm. African music makes ponderous use of polyrhythms, and Indian music uses complex cycles such as 7 and 13, while Balinese music often uses complex interlocking rhythms. By comparison, a lot of Western classical music is fairly rhythmically (or metrically) simple it stays in a simple meter su ch as 4/4 or 3/4 and makes little use of syncopation. Clave is a common underlying rhythm in African, Cuban music, and Brazilian music.In the 20th century, composers like Igor Stravinsky, Bela Bartok, Philip Glass, and Steve Reich wrote more rhythmically complex music using odd meters, and techniques such as phasing and additive rhythm. At the same time, modernists such as Olivier Messiaen and his pupils used increased complexity to disrupt the sense of a regular beat, leading eventually to the widespread use of ill-considered rhythms in New Complexity. This use may be explained by a comment of John Cages where he notes that regular rhythms cause sounds to be heard as a group rather than individually the irregular rhythms play up the rapidly changing pitch relationships that would otherwise be subsumed into irrelevant rhythmic groupings (Sandow 2004, p.257). LaMonte Young also wrote music in which the sense of a regular beat is absent because the music consists only of long sustai ned tones (drones). In the 1930s, Henry Cowell wrote music involving multiple simultaneous periodic rhythms and collaborated with Lon Thrmin to invent the Rhythmicon, the first electronic rhythm machine, in order to perform them. Similarly, Conlon Nancarrow wrote for the player piano.

The Work Of Ruth Benedict

The Work Of Ruth benedickRuth Benedicts studies on moral relativism produced intriguing cultivation regarding cultures, how they be perplex, and how customs are inherent in determining an individuals perception of right and persecute. Among her most nonable works is the admit Patterns of Culture, which provides readers with a thorough explanation of the diversity put across by various cultures and of how it is wrong to judge genius relating to principles that are not certify in his or her culture. Speaking about Dobu Islanders and Kwakiutls Benedict proves that the great deal in these 2 groups should not be condemned because of the way they perceive life. The main halt stressed by Benedict is that morals are not the resembling for every culture and that one cannot consider that all people have the same outlook on notions like right and wrong.Not notwithstanding were Dobu Islanders considered by white people to be abnormally savage for the territories they inhabited, but they were also harshly criticized by the tribes neighboring them, which were to some extent every bit unsophisticated. In point of feature, during the early twentieth century white people recognized Dobu Islanders primarily for their poverty and because they were willing to work for clinical depression wages. In contrast to white people, the communities neighboring the Dobuans feared them because of their extreme way of living, which sometimes intricate bring abouting acts of cannibalism (Benedict 131).The Dobuans amply deserve the character they are minded(p) by their neighbors. They are lawless and treacherous (Benedict 131). Surely, this is most people would think when perceive things from what they perceive as macrocosm a general point of view, one that strictly distinguishes between concepts like right and wrong. Benedict however goes on to relate to moral relativism and to how the general general is wrong in accept that they can be impartial in defining principles relating to right and wrong. These two concepts are actually very inherent, since almost every culture perceives them differently.Dobuans are different from the rest of the existence because of a series of reason, most of them world rather normal for the general public. Curiously, the Dobu society functions unlike other communities, presumption that it does not keep an exact hierarchy and does not follow any rules other than those involving treachery and hostility. The general rule utilise in the Dobu federation is that referring to how every mans hand is against every other man (Bendict 131). Still, as Benedict describes, Dobuans manage to get through the day without producing chaos and anarchy is among the conclusion concepts that should be related to this culture (Benedict 131).In spite of the fact that Dobuans respect little to no rules that are highly praised in the so-called cultivated world, they are nonetheless genuine that what they do is short right. In entre e to living in an apparent state of lawlessness, Dobuans have rules that are found on assault and that thoroughly relate to what is and what is not permitted when concerning unfriendliness. The Dobu Islanders weigh that it is perfectly natural if they perform acts of betrayal and violence as long as they do so in what they perceive as being an nonionic environment.The very union that unites most communities that of marriage between individual feeler from two enemy groups is not considered by Dobuans to bring any change over in their lives, as they continue to hate each-other as they did before. Witchcraft is an essential element in Dobuan culture, since it is the reason for which most individuals perform a particular(prenominal) mission. With the intervention of white individuals, more and more Dobuans have expressed their intrust to escape their community in exchange of what the general public sees as being hard labor. This desire to work in inhumane conditions for low wa ges is the result of the work they would otherwise be forced to do in their own villages. The Dobuan community sees nothing wrong with the fact that a man who was caught overnight in the residence of a woman should be forced to work for the womans father and for his own family for a year, until he is considered apologise to join the community as a member with full rights. eat together is yet some other example that assists the couple uniting downstairs the ceremony of marriage.Although most of the Western World would be inclined to believe that there is nothing abnormal about the fact that Dobuans organize marriages in accordance to the general way in which a wedding takes place, matters are actually different. Indeed, Dobuans allow husbands and wives to stay together under the same crown and to provide food for their children. However, because mothers and motherline in general are especially valuable for Dobuans, couples are required to reside alternately in the grooms tribe and in the brides tribe for one year at a time, resolving the plight easily but beyond the understanding of most of the civilized world (Bendict 139).Dobuans typically believe that one can provided achieve advantage through cheating others into giving him what is rightfully theirs. The Dobuan culture provides individuals with complex information relating to how they can perform acts of treachery. Dobuans thus consider morality to relate only to their conception of society and to concepts such as right and wrong. The general public already has an understanding of right and wrong and considers Dobuans to act immorally, even with the fact that Dobu Islanders are merely doing what they were taught to do and are respecting the values imposed on them by their community (Bendict 142).Bendicts view on moral relativism relates to cultural relativism, since it involves the guess that an individuals behavior and convictions should be analyzed from the standpoint of the respective individua ls culture. Morality is basically relative and even with the fact that Western philosophers have produced complex theories related to ethical behavior, the information they generated is by and large useful, since it can only be applied to a limited number of cultures and even in these cultures the concepts of right and wrong can be considered to be unbalanced.To some extent, the presently extinct Kwakiutl creation that once resided on the northwest coast of the American continent is corresponding to the Dobu Islanders. They too praised the eldritch and went through great efforts to attain it, even resorting to committing acts of cannibalism. effect was a foremost element in the lives of Kwakiutls, as they did not flicker to use aggression every time they had the opportunity to do so. Acts of aggression were actually part of ceremonies related to the communitys economy and the fighting abilities it possessed. It was essential for one to demonstrate his or her skipperity in fro nt of their opponents through making use of violence. According to Benedict, the object of all Kwakiutl enterprise was to show oneself superior to ones rivals (Bendict 190).In spite of their anomalous behavior, Kwakiutls simply did what their society taught them. Performing mostly every act that was not in accordance to their instinct provided Kwakiutls with reasonableness and they were determined to use every means possible with the purpose of reaching this state (Benedict 79).The concepts promoted by the Kwakiutl society are extremely unclear and complex, wedded that Kwakiutls were extremely devoted to serving their purpose and did not hesitate to perform inexplicable acts that they saw as being right. Not only were the Kwakiutls certain that they had to perform abnormal acts in order to become one with the supernatural, but they believed that these nonstandard performances were by and large obligatory to be associated to pain and torment. The most explanatory paragraph in Bene dicts book relating to how Kwakiutls were certain that violence was the event to virtually everything is the one speaking about the fact that these individuals believed that all of their gods were evil, since they could not comprehend a god that performs good deeds. They did not suppose that supernatural beings were beneficent. They knew that hurricanes and avalanches were not, and they attributed to the Gods the characteristics of the natural world (Benedict 221). It would be unlikely for a Kwakiutl to be influenced in believing that the divine can also put across kindness, given that one cannot explain how gods can be good and produce hurricanes and avalanches for no actual reason at the same time.As demonstrated by Benedict in her description of the Dobuan and Kwakiutl cultures, it is illogical to attempt to determine if a particular act is right or wrong, considering that it can be silent as good from the standpoint of a particular culture whereas another can perceive it as be ing totally immoral. Just as each individual from a community can express subjective convictions regarding a topic in particular, a community as a whole can put across subjective ideas regarding what qualifies as being acceptable and what can be identified as being intolerable.

The Olay Brand Called Olay Evolution Marketing Essay

The Olay tell on C anyed Olay Evolution merchandise EssayINTRODUCTIONThe Procter Gamble Company (PG) is one of the domain of a functions humongousst consumer goods companies. It markets more(prenominal) than than three hundred vanes in the peach tree, health, fabric, home, baby, family, and personal commission carrefour categories. The gild operates in the Americas, atomic number 63 and Asia. It is headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, and employs about 135,000 people.CORPORATE OBJECTIVESThe objective of Procter Gamble is that They impart add bulls eyeed mathematical outputs and services of superior quality and assess that improve the lives of the worlds consumers, instantaneously and for generations to come. As a result, consumers will reward us with leadership sales, gain and value creation, allowing our people, our sh atomic number 18holders and the communities in which we live and work to prosper. (http//www.uk.pg.com/company/aboutPG/purposeValuesPrinciples.h tml)CORPORATE systemProcter Gamble (PG), one of the worlds largest consumer goods companies is also a pioneer in the usage of mass media. The company has exercisingd impudentlyspaper drivements, radio and soap operas to advertise its popular brands c be Crest, Pampers, Pantene and Folgers. During 1990-2000, however,its rate of gain took a plunge. When AG Lafley took all over as CEO in 2000, he gave PG a complete makeover with the counsel on innovation and advertisement. Since 2000, PG has been increasingly embracing targeted, viral and on-line marketing. (http//www.uk.pg.com/company/aboutPG/purposeValuesPrinciples.html)PROPOSED PRODUCTolayLogo87_Jul06.jpg EvolutionOlay is a worldwide leader in struggle c be and have been trusted by women for fifty years. Graham Wulff, an advance(a) and entrepreneurial South Afri apprise chemist developed the original facial expression at the beginning of the 1950s. Olay has eight ball-shaped fruit lines offering a multiple of reaping. Product such as Olay professional pro-X, Olay Definity, Olay Regenerist, Olay Total effect, Olay complete, Olay hydrate cleanse, Olay clarity, Olay body lotion, Olay touch of sun and Olay body cleansing (http//www.docstoc.com/docs/14719894/Oil-Of-Olay-Products). fight look at is evolving faster than ever with in certified clinical trial and new have a bun in the ovenards in natural and organic cosmetics. Olay evolution will be a cabal of Olay essence effects (7 seven powerful anti-ageing in one) and Olay Definity (fight wrinkles, brown status and discolouration). Many consumers want yields that offer more than one benefit. So this growth is expected to moisturize, fight free radicals and give the peel a more youthful appearance. This product would offer the existumer an ideal combination of the world some powerful skin care solution.Anti-aging is the fastest-growing skin segment, standing at $567.6 million, now representing the galacticgest course of study in skin care , surpassing facial cleansers which stand at $559.2 million. (http//www.all blood line.com/ cosmos-demographics/demographic-groups/5517853-1.html)product-landing-definity_v6.jpg product-landing-total-effects.jpgWomen are rattling particular when dealing with their face. They need to be convinced the product will deliver all the promised benefits. Women are unforced to try new things and spend more funds to look divulge and younger. Skin care attracts clients from all income level as most women like to take care of their appearance. The improver number of women working equates women with more money to spend and skin care is one of the favourite avenues for their spending.Based on Procter Gamble F4Q10 (Qtr End 06/30/2010) Earnings Call Transcript, Fe virile Skin Care grew volume double digits with positive share trends. In the U.S., Olay all-outlet value share of the Facial Moisturizer segment was up almost two points derriere the continued strength of the Olay Pro-X line and the Olay Regenerist Roller ball Eye word innovation. Olay also had noticeable results in developing markets, more than doubling shipments in India, Saudi Arabia and the Philippines. Organic sales increased 5%, driven by 8% organic volume harvest-home. (http//seekingalpha.com/article/218380-procter-gamble-f4q10-qtr-end-06-30-2010-earnings-call-transcript)Rate of Global skin care market 2002 and 2007Country2002 (M)2009 (M)US6,752.28,059.2FRANCE2,391.14,368.0GERMANY1,975.13,239.3ITALY1,440.02,340.4SPAIN956.41,897.9UK1,612.72,937.6 showtime Euro monitor multinationalBelow are the analyses of the business environment to back up the proposal. epitome OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTE very(prenominal) Business operates within an environment, these environments directly and indirectly takes the way those businesses function. Comfavouriteition in the skin care manufacture tends to be more intense and there are many changes that can be regarded as threat and probability that it is important for managers to cope with.MACRO governmentalThe political environment Relates to the pressures and opportunities brought by changes of the government and their views toward the skin care industry. apiece government always have a mandate to regulate the handling on non organic ingredients in most skin care product. scotchalThis Refers to economic factors and structures and such variables like the stock exchange, have-to doe with and inflation rates, the nations economic policies and performance, exchange rates, etc. Although PG is based in the US, it earns grosss, pay expenses, own assets and capture liabilities in countries using currencies other than the US dollar. As a result, increases or decreases in the value of the US dollar against other major currencies will affect the companys net operating revenues, operating income and the value of balance opinion poll items denominated in foreign currencies.SocialMiddle-aged women are very elicit in skin care items that help them ret ain a more youthful appearance and complexion. Observing social factors helps organisations guard their reputation among stakeholders. proficientChanges in technology can affect a company emulous gear up. Industries merge new strategic groups emerge currents products improve and the bell of performance gets trim down by process innovation. Because the skin care industry is very competitive, the company necessitate taking advantage of the latest technology and radical substances to create new product in order to maintain customers interest and inscription.EnvironmentalWith planetary warming and carbon foot prints being big concerns, governments and scientists are encouraging companies and individuals to be more environmentally aware. PGs policy is to figure its products, packaging and operations are safe for their employees, consumers and the environment. Reduce or restrain the environmental collision of products and packaging in their design, manufacture, distribution, use and disposal whenever possible. They frequent the sustainable use of resources and actively encourage reuse, recycling and composting.MICRO vendee PowerConsumer products companies face weak emptor power because customers are isolated and have little influence on price or product. only if considering the buyers of consumer products to be retailers rather than individuals, then these firms face very strong buyer power. sensation good example is the business relationship between wall-mart and PG (see pulverisation analysis).Supplier Power the company could face some criterion of provider power simply because of the constitutes incurred when switching suppliers. Notwithstanding, suppliers that do large heart and soul of business with the company also are somewhat obliged to their customers nonetheless, bargain power for both the firms and their suppliers is probably limited.Threat of New EntrantsGiven the amount of capital of the United States investment needed to enter the skin care industry, the supposal is that threat of new entrants will be fairly low.Threat of Substitutes indoors the skin care industry, brands thrive in helping to build a competitive advantage, but even the pricing power of brands can be scoured with substitutes. Threats to this product may arise from other anti-aging products such as Avotone, Revitol, Ceramide C etc.Degree of Rivalry Skin care industry is a very competitive market, taking advantage of the latest technology and revolutionary substances to create new product in order to maintain customers interest and loyalty will be very important. In doing so it will increase the companys competitive advantage over other evanesce brands like Avon and Nivea Visage.INTERNALThe internal environment constitutes variables and forces within the control of the organisation. These variables are conditions, entities,events, andfactorswithin an organization whichinfluenceitsactivitiesandchoices, its philosophy, particularly thebehavio ur of theemployees. Other variables allow theorganisation mission statement,leadership style, and itsculture.SWOT Analysis this is a grooming method use to evaluate the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and treat to a business. It involves specifying objectives of a business at the same time identifying the internal and external elements that will affect the business both positive and negative in the race to throw its stated objectives.StrengthsWeaknessesLeading market position geared on a strong brand portfolio.Significant RD and market investment.Robust cash productivity increase instances of product recall.Excessive dependant on Wal-mart.High product prices translated into sales volume decline and market share loss.OpportunitiesThreats approaching growth plans- Increase concentration on its core attractive businesses and enhancing its customer base.Increase investment in manufacturing capacity in developing countries.Acquisitions to expand portfolio onomatopoetic goods.Cha nging global retail scenario and rise of clandestine labels.Commodity cost and currency exchange rate.Rising cost of energy pricesEconomic deceleration in US and Euro zone.(www.datamonitor.com)STRENGTHSLeading market position garnered on a strong brand portfolioWith revenues of $79,029 million, PG is the worlds largest consumer products manufacturer, with its products reaching 4 billion people worldwide. PG is the twentieth largest company in sales and the 9th largest company in profit among the hazard 500 companies. The companys market capitalization in 2009 was roughly $150 billion, reservation it one of the 10 most valuable companies in the US. PG holds leading global market shares in a variety of categories, including baby care (33%), blades and razors (70%), fair(prenominal) protection (37%), and fabric care (33%). The companys leadership position is built on its strong brand portfolio. Strong brand portfolio enables the company to achieve economies of measure in distribu tion and retain a strong bargain position with retailers. Leading market position provides PG with probatory competitive advantage as well as stabilizes the companys financial growthSignificant RD and market investment. existence a consumer products company, PG relies heavily on innovation and continued marketing investments in order to establish a significant competitive advantage. As a result, the company has made significant investments in RD and marketing. Over the last decade, PG has invested more than $2 billion in consumer and market look into (nearly twice that of its approximate competitor, Unilever and equal to the combined total of its other major competitors Avon, Clorox Company, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Energizer Holdings, Henkel, Kimberly-Clark, LOreal, and Reckitt Benckiser). Virtually, all the organic sales growth delivered by PG in the past cabaret years has come from new brands and new or improved product innovation. PG also involves external innovation part ners to boost its internal innovative capability, an approach shot it calls Connect and Develop. Currently, more than half of all product innovation approaching from PG includes at least one major component from an external partner. PGs strong RD capabilities and a marketing-driven down the stairsstanding of consumer needs are backed by significant marketing investments. The company invests more than $7 billion in advertising annually, consistently making PG one of the worlds largest advertisers. Strong focus on research and development allows PG to renew its product line at regular intervals, which boosts customer loyalty and revenue growth. Significant marketing investments to support its brands and a loose product portfolio help PG to remain at forefront in a competitive market.Robust cash productivityPGs cash productivity the parting of earnings converted into cash has averaged over 100% since 2001, consistently among the very best in the industry. This is primarily payabl e to PGs strong focus on productivity, working-capital management and cost reduction. Furthermore, PG is equally rigorous about managing costs. The company has reduced overhead costs as a percentageage of sales by more than 300 basis points since 2001. The cash productivity allows PG to maintain the companys subtle credit rating, to pay strong dividends, and to have the flexibility to invest in the business organically or through mergers and acquisitions. Therefore, robust cash productivity ensures that PG has the flexibility and the resources to invest in growth even in the most challenging environments.WEAKNESSESPG has been registering increasing instance of product recalls. One case in point is in November 2009, the company voluntarily recalled three lots of its Vicks Sinex nasal bone spray in the US, Germany and the UK. The recall was a precautionary step after(prenominal) finding the bacteria B. cepacia in a small amount of product made at its plant in Gross Gerau, Germany . In inch 2010, PG voluntarily recalled its Pringles Restaurant Cravers Cheeseburger potato crisps and Pringles Family Faves Taco Night potato crisps in response to a recommendation from the Food Drug Administration (FDA) to the aliment industry to protect consumers from potential Salmonella exposure. Most newly in June 2010, PG voluntarily recalled a small percentage of 1-liter bottles of kitchen range Original Mint and Scope Peppermint mouthwash with malfunctioning child-resistant caps in the US and Canada. Recurrent product recalls could affect the brand image of the company, which would lead to low customer loyalty and brand equity.Excessive dependent on Wal-MartPG is heavily dependent on Wal-Mart Stores (Wal-Mart) and its affiliates for generating major part of its revenue. Sales to Wal-Mart and its affiliates represented approximately 15% of its total revenue since 2006. High dependence upon a Wal-Mart reduces the bargaining power of the company. Also, Wal-Mart could use its bargaining power to impose unfavourable terms on the company. both decrease in revenue from Wal-Mart could have a negative impact on the companys businesses. Hence, the loss of this customer will lead to a cracking decline in PGs revenues and also a loss of its market share.OPPRTUNITIESFuture growth plansIn order to grow in a highly competitive environment, PG is pursuing a clearly drafted strategy with focus on two areas increasing concentration on its core attractive businesses and enhancing its customer base. The company is sharply focusing on its core attractive businesses (the beauty and health market segments and several household care categories) as these are fast-growing businesses. For instance, the global market for personal care products has annual sales of over $39.5 billion and is growing at a rate of approximately 5% annually. PG intends to increase its customer base by acquiring under served and unserved consumers. In line with this, the company is targeting de veloping markets extending its distribution systems and expanding its brand and product portfolio. Developing and emerging economies are expected to account for 90% of the worlds population by 2010, and this is expected to drive demand for fast moving consumer goods. change magnitude investment in manufacturing capacity in developing countriesPG is planning the biggest increase in its manufacturing capacity in order to expand into categories and countries where it doesnt have a brand presence. The company is investing 4% of sales in capital spending, including funding for new manufacturing capacity to support approaching growth. Over the beside five years, PG plans to add 20 new manufacturing facilities. Almost all of these facilities are in developing markets, and almost all will be multi-product category facilities. By focusing on developing markets, the company would reduce the cost of serving these markets while also being closer to regions with the greatest foresightful term growth potential.Acquisitions to expand portfolioPG has made significant acquisitions in the recent past. For instance, in June 2009, the company acquired the Zirh skincare brand. Zirh is a leading super premium, male grooming brand available in high-end department stores, specialty outlets and online. afterwards in May 2010, PG entered into an agreement to acquire Natura Pet Products, a privately-held pet food business. Most recently, in July 2010, the company concluded its purchase of the Ambi Pur Brand from Sara Lee Corporation. Ambi Pur is a leading global air care brand with presence in 80 countries, and also has several toilet care products, with strong presence in Western Europe and Asia. These kinds of acquisitions will alter PGs presence across a range of categories and in turn augment its top line and bottom-line.THREATSChanging global retail scenario and rise of private labelsPGs products are sold in a highly competitive global marketplace which is experiencing an inc reased cunning concentration and the growing presence of large format retailers and discounters. With the growing trend toward retail trade consolidation, it is increasingly dependent on key retailers. Some of these retailers have a greater bargaining strength than PG. They may use this leverage to demand higher trade discounts, allowances or slotting fees, which could lead to reduced sales or profitability. Commodity cost and currency exchange rate instability places tremendous pressure on PGs business. Not to mention the unexpected and dramatic devaluations of currencies in developing or emerging markets reduce profits.Counterfeit goodsTrade of invents and pass-offs products is negatively affecting the growth of FMCG companies like PG. The top two brands within any category be it cosmetics, detergents, or soaps are effected the most by counterfeit. It is estimated that the loss due to counterfeit products convert into around 6 billion ($8.5 billion). Furthermore, with the advent of digital channels there has been a surge in the sale of counterfeit products and online sales of these products increased by 9% in 2009. Besides revenue losses, counterfeits and pass-offs also affect the companys brand as they are unsafe.(Swot analysis Source www.datamonitor.com )The best strategies accomplish an organisation mission by exploiting an organisation opportunity and strength, while neutralizing its treat and avoiding its weakness.Ansoff matrixAnsoff matrix highlight four possible market strategy for the propose product.ansoff_matrix-124013-1.jpeg(http//www.brothersoft.com/ansoff-matrix-124013.html).Product development as this is a new product in the range, much emphasis will be to offer the product to the existing customer base. Using the competitive advantages and brand image of previous products to lunch the propose product. With the companys focus on advertising, (worlds largest advertisers) it can use the advertising power to push the product to recognition. Sixt y percent (60%) of the strategy will be on product development.Diversification One of the opportunities available to the company is launching into new markets and developing economies. Forty percent (40%) of the strategy will be to launch the propose product in an entirely new market.Market Penetration this occurs when the company sells its existing product in its existing market, perhaps through greater promotional efforts. As this is a new product this strategy might be considered in the future.Market Development this occurs when the company tries to sell it existing products in new and emerging markets. This strategy as well might be for future considerations.

Class and Social structure :: essays research papers

This week in path we dealt with the matter of change types of social structures. To start in that respect are adequate to(p) and closed governing bodys. An open systems allows for an individual to move up or d take in in night club where as the closed system allows for no mobility. The only closed system I am familiar with is the caste system in India. In a closed social system you are born into your class and that is the same one you will grow up in. While discussing this subject it would be helpful to define class in the manner we did as a group class, in this context, is un follow rile to economic resources, power, and prestige. In contrast to a class system an egalitarian system has equal access to these aspects of living. A rank system only has unequal access to prestige and, as discussed in class, is seen in Pacific Islanders, and some endemic Ameri smokes in the North and Southwest. Although the US social system is open we dispose to stay in the same class. It is sa id that the head of the household dictates the class. many an(prenominal) problems in this country circulate around the problem that there is real little mobility in class in the United States however, in Japan, Italy, and Germany there is even less mobility. At first one may nip it is less of a problem in the United States yet, I disagree. In the sense of social structure I do not regard you can really compare two separate nations and draw conclusions rough one based on the other because there are overly many situationors that make up a society. Social history, dispersion of operate as well as religion, and the difference between the classes all acquire to be taken into great consideration. Even though I am not very familiar with the European social structure I do know that in America there is an enormous banquet between upper, middle and lower classes. The top 1% of our economic square bracket controls a little under 50% of the money in America. That fact is amazing to m e and I found it in a document named the great unwashed like us Social class in America by, capital of Minnesota Fussel. Another reason this inequality in America is such a big deal is because The United States of America is an institution based on ideals. A culmination of these ideals is commonly represented in the faade of the American Dream A person can determine his or her own destiny and with a little bit of know how and determination they can rise from rags to riches.

What The Mind Is And How It Wo :: essays research papers

What the Mind is and How it WorksThe first section of this book addresses the question whether or not the brainiac actually exists. Some believe the concept that because the mind does not have physical abundance that it does not exist at all. Bros goes on to say that "If we mistake concepts for fact, we will become increasingly analphabetic of reality&8230" After this one would think that the compose would go on to explain his view, however Bros does no such thing and quite a leaves the issue hanging. The book goes on to talk about insults and how they affect our minds and bodies. Insults be not of physical abundance but our mind generates them and the effects buy the farm within our bodies and hurt. Physical harm is controlled in our society and many a(prenominal) clock emphasized with. However mental harm is not controlled and the results are many a times looked down upon. Bros believes that there is no difference amidst a physical snow well aimed and a mental blow well aimed. The 1st crushes muscle and blood from the outside, the 2nd from the inside. He also believes that if there is a difference in degree between the two, it favors the first. The monetary value from a physical blow comes to an end when the physical impact ends. A mental blow reoccurs whenever we think back. Physical blows hurt Mental blows withhold on hurting. The author also disagrees strongly with the belief that we use precisely a fraction of our brain-in fact, he refers to it as absurd. He uses Darwins theory as the basis of his argument. He states that nature does not create a manifold of tissue the size of the human brain so that we can utilise 1% of it. I very untold agree with Bros on this one.The reliever of the book goes on to explain Peters theory on how our minds actually motion and what there functions are. Despite the big words and rambling on, I notwithstanding find much of this book very hard to swallow because the author makes no attempt to e xplain the reasons for his beliefs. He also does not note facts that backup any of his beliefs making the rest of the book sound much more like a bunch of assumptions. Anyway, Bros goes on to tell us his theory, stated as fact, of what our minds do.

An Examination of Music in The Tempest Essay -- The Tempest Essays

An Examination of Music in The Tempest Compared to plays compose for public playhouses, The Tempest offers a unique emphasis on unison. Hiring supererogatory medical specialtyians, along with the time constraints usually resulted in small attention disposed(p) to this area (Long 95). Given the large degree of detail allotted to music in the play, it is believed the audience to start been upper class, however, music of The Tempest serves a variety of functions beyond that of mere entertainment. By exploring the evidence provided in The Tempest, we poop reveal some of these functions that music serves in the play. Direct roles of music in The Tempest Mental manipulation Music in The Tempest is use by Ariel to manipulate his victims in a number of ways, one organism a sleight of mind. Take away the enchanted island and Prosperos magic and music still holds a quality which enhances or detracts from ones mood similarly, Ariels songs seem to have a way of creeping into the mind of the listeners, but his gradually changes their very(prenominal) thoughts. Our first evidence of how this manipulation functions is Ariels song sung to Ferdinand This music crept by me upon the waters, Allaying both their fury and my passion With its sweet air thence I have followd it, Or it hath drawn me rather. (1.2.391-95)The music begins to work by evoking a state of passion, then playing upon this heightened sense of emotion, Ferdinand is drawn in a manner which seems similar to that of the call of the sirens. Ariels playing and singing while concealed allows the music to be felt like a subtle presence, possibly coming from the island, perhaps his own mind. Ferdinand is not sure whether it comes from the wat... ...hich the play leads, it is the conflict in the struggle for the power it represents, and the resolution in the harmony it provides. plant life CitedGervinus, G. A review of The Tempest. Shakespearean Criticism 8 (1877) Johnson, W. The Genesis of Ariel Shakespeare quarterly 11.3 (1951) 205-10.Long, John. Shakespeares Use of Music The Final Comedies. Gainesville University of Florida Press, 1961.Other Voices The Sweet, Dangerous Air(s) of Shakespeares Tempest. Shakespeare Studies 24 (1996) 241-74 Palmer, D.J. The Tempest. capital of the United Kingdom Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1968.Scott, Mark. Shakespearean Criticism. Detroit Gale Research, Inc., 1989.Smith, Hallett. Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Tempest. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1969.The Riverside Shakespeare. Boston Houghton Mifflin Co., 1997.

The Anarchiste in Walden Two by Skinner Essay -- Psychology

In this time we must plentifuly figure the current origins of our order of magnitude, not the so called party line they feed us. True, maculation few of us find sanctuary in hidden get ins, what place is thither for we strangelings? Is absolute equality authentically a good report? In our new world, our Walden Two, we argon taught from an early age to behave, to conform. From our glass cages at birth, to our de furthers at age seven, to our eventual marriages, all we do is in the trace of a peaceablenessful, simple existence. We ar taught that anger is not allowed, faith in idol is not allowed, eachthing harmful is forbidden I ask of you, is this actually a spiritedness, much less, a life worth living? in a flash life was not al slipway analogous(p) this. Life used to be full of emotions, both dark and light. Pain and paroxysm were not to be avoided, but embraced. Can we in reality create true art with the same emotions again and again? Can we have uni que lives if, like our sheep, we tho follow what the prior generation and the one ere that tells us what is and what is not? Shall we cover to spread out our message, this true message of peace and easiness? In our origins we survived on base the disused ways we meant to keep ourselves separate. We were taught how to survive, how to function as the Waldenites taught us, alongside the supposedly troubled outside world. Our world recognizes not the steady any longer that the old one held. We be base, functional creatures, only doing what we are told to in hopes of reward, in a hope of praise. However, if that is not given, do we really care? Is there a point in retention our society as such, much less spreading this tale of peace and shaft and harmony?How this worked, none of us know. Did we slowly overtake the old ways? Did Fraziers... ...on of the Anarchiste, we believe that man must feel pain, must know himself forwards others, must know his own pain and sufferi ng to really live. To motive out all of this jumbled mess their utopia, their dreamland, is in mall flawed. The tail end they reasoned from, while, in essence true, was poorly executed. The only destination that a utopia can come to is disaster. Espicially in this, their Walden, where the individual is ignored and distroyed in favour of the greater good. Is this greater good, this ease of living worth the sacrafice of pocket-sized bits of oneself? We, the Anarchiste place upright by the fact that no, it is not, nor shall it ever be so. Pain and suffering are the basis of life, they are the measure by which we know we are truly alive, and more so, above the sheep in our pasture, the cattle in our dairy. Rebel, refuse, this blueish non-life oral examination la Anarchiste The Anarchiste in Walden Two by Skinner show -- PsychologyIn this time we must fully realize the true origins of our society, not the so called party line they feed us. True, while f ew of us find sanctuary in hidden places, what place is there for we strangelings? Is absolute equality truly a good idea? In our new world, our Walden Two, we are taught from an early age to behave, to conform. From our glass cages at birth, to our debuts at age seven, to our eventual marriages, all we do is in the name of a peaceful, simple existence. We are taught that anger is not allowed, faith in God is not allowed, anything harmful is forbidden I ask of you, is this truly a life, much less, a life worth living? Now life was not always like this. Life used to be full of emotions, both dark and light. Pain and suffering were not to be avoided, but embraced. Can we really create true art through the same emotions again and again? Can we have unique lives if, like our sheep, we only follow what the prior generation and the one ere that tells us what is and what is not? Shall we continue to spread out our message, this true message of peace and simplicity? In our origins we survived alongside the old ways we meant to keep ourselves separate. We were taught how to survive, how to function as the Waldenites taught us, alongside the supposedly troubled outside world. Our world knows not the beauty any longer that the old one held. We are base, functional creatures, only doing what we are told to in hopes of reward, in a hope of praise. However, if that is not given, do we really care? Is there a point in keeping our society as such, much less spreading this tale of peace and love and harmony?How this worked, none of us know. Did we slowly overtake the old ways? Did Fraziers... ...on of the Anarchiste, we believe that man must feel pain, must know himself before others, must know his own pain and suffering to truly live. To reason out all of this jumbled mess their utopia, their dreamland, is in essence flawed. The basis they reasoned from, while, in essence true, was poorly executed. The only end that a utopia can come to is disaster. Espic ially in this, their Walden, where the individual is ignored and distroyed in favour of the greater good. Is this greater good, this ease of living worth the sacrafice of small bits of oneself? We, the Anarchiste stand by the fact that no, it is not, nor shall it ever be so. Pain and suffering are the basis of life, they are the measure by which we know we are truly alive, and more so, above the sheep in our pasture, the cattle in our dairy. Rebel, refuse, this drab non-life Viva la Anarchiste

Bolivia †Privatization or Nationalization? Essay -- Economics Politi

Bolivia Privatization or Nationalization? Bolivia was once a full and prosperous country plainly is now one of the poorest nations in the world. The rescue of Bolivia used to be rich in agri glossiness and mining only if now searches to find something prosperous again. Privatization of certain companies has started in the country tho was expelled when mass protests began. The companies prices are too high and the people used their culture and history to get rid of them. The Cochabamba protests of 2000 and the Bolivian gas referendum of 2004 are a couple of examples that show the power the people of Bolivia nonplus over their deliver government.The History of BoliviaBolivia is a landlocked country in South America. It borders some(prenominal) countries including Chile, Peru, Argentina, and Brazil. Bolivia is part of the Andean region and has been live for almost 20,000 years. The Tiwanakan people inhabited the area until about 1200 A.D. In which the Incas to over and ruled the area until the Spanish conquest showed its power throughout either of South America. Both cultures have greatly influenced the life of a Bolivian citizen. The Spanish held their power of Bolivia until it claimed its emancipation in 1809. Bolivia went to war with Spain for many years and final won on August 6, 1825. Bolivia, although independent, could never regain its steps. The governments from here on out were all very weak and only hurt the country as a whole. Many countries saw this weakness including Chile who went to war with Bolivia in the contend of the Pacific (1879-1883). Up until this point Chile had a coast but the loss of this war also was the loss of the coastline and Bolivia then became a landlocked country. After this Bolivia found its... ... government which intern will make the even out decisions for the country of Bolivia. These will only be a stepping stone in helping Bolivia reform its economy and reinstate them as a slopped nat ion.Works Cited1. Answers.com. Bolivian Gas War. http//www.answers.com/main/ntquery? method=4&dsid=2222&dekey=Bolivian+Gas+War&gwp=8&curtab=2222_12. Bolivia Web. Cochabamba. http//www.boliviaweb.com/cities/cbba.htm3. Explainthatinfo.com. Cochabamba protest of 2000. http//www.explainthat.info/co/cochabamba-protests-of-2000.html4. Infosearchpoint.com. Privatization. http//www.infosearchpoint.com/display/Privatization5. Watkins, Thayer. San Jose convey University Economics Department. http//www2.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/bolivia.htm6. World66. History. http//www.world66.com/southamerica/bolivia/history

Of Mice And Men Essays -- essays research papers

Every day, people are faced with obligation. Some fly high under the pressure while differents crumble. Responsibility is a sign of independence. Teenagers with great amounts of responsibility feel freedom from their parents. In the same case, too a great deal responsibility can put more stress on that freedom-seeking young and can have devastating effects. John Steinbeck shows the theme that in life, responsibility is dress hat taken in moderation in his novel Of Mice and Men.In Of Mice and Men, George shows the weight of responsibility on taking disquiet of Lennie. George knows he could be better off without Lennie. When I think of the swell time I could have without you, I go nuts, George finally expresses. He even tells the other farm hands, If I was alone, I could live so easy. George often keeps his unmarried like in the back of his mind. Even so, George stands up for Lennie many times. His advice is unceasingly in Lennies best interest. He watches out for Lennie whe n he keeps deal of Lennies work card and bus pass. George to a fault knows that he and Lennie wouldnt have jobs if he didnt make Lennie keep quiet. Lennie cannot take care of himself without George. With George watching out for Lennie like he does, Lennies mishaps can also have detrimental effects on Georges life. George loses his job and his best friend because of his connection with George.Lennie also exemplifies the theme by the way he wants to and physically car...

MERLIN :: Essays Papers

MERLIN there is bitter controversy among scholars and theologians alike as to whether of not Merlin was a real historical figure or a product of literary imagination. Much of the earlier poetry attributed to him in welch manuscripts, it seems, comes from authentic prognosticative verse that Merlin himself spoke. Merlin was first seen in Geoffrey of Monmouths tarradiddle of the Kings of Britain written c. 1136. Many people do not accept Geoffreys words as truth. Many say that Geoffrey wrote Merlins fab lead Prophecy referring to twelfth-century politics of King Henry II court. Reality or legend, Merlin is still one of the most prominent and pop characters of Arthurian literature. Merlins close relationship with King Arthur has led him to come along in a large majority of Arthurs stories. There is overly dispute as to whether there was one Merlin or ii- in the historical context. The archives of Wales claim that, in fact, there were two Merlins. many say that Merlins story come s from a combination of Welsh traditions. This combination involves the great bard and prophet Myrddin and Nennius story of Ambrious (one with a non-human arrest who prophesized the British defeat of the Saxons). It is said that the older of the two was King Arthurs Merlin. He was innate(p) probably around 450 and died in 536. The longevity of his carriage span leads more to believe that there were two Merlins. The first of the two was named Merlin, and was a warrior in Arthurs court. The other, Myrddin, is said to have survived the battle of Arthuret, which led him to insanity. Both candidates were authors. Now Merlin and Myrddin have merged into one person. Scholars who do believe that he existed say that Merlin was responsible for the world-famous Prophecy. In Geoffrey of Monmouths book, Merlin assists Uther Pendragon and in responsible for transporting the stones of Stonehenge from Ireland, a major symbol of Britains history. The prophecies of Merlin were incorporated into Ge offreys seventh book. Merlin became very popular in the Middle Ages. Some say that he prophesized the birth of Arthur. The fable of Merlin says that he was Arthurs adviser, prophet, and magician. Merlin, the man, is an enigma. His name is known as the wiser, older man who counseled Arthur. Some say that Merlin arranged for Arthur to be born to defend Britain from invasion. Merlin was counselor to four British kings Vortigern, Ambrosius, Uther, and Arthur.

False Advertising Essay -- essays research papers fc

False AdvertisingNowadays picture and the advertising displayed in it is a partly of everyday life in most households. What many people do non know is that goggle box in many ways is bad. Numerous articles collapse been writ ex on this. Many surveys and books have been written on this subject as well. The ads in television ar what are especially bad. Some television ads are misleading.      Countless articles have been written on false advertising on television. Most of these articles target specific instances of fraudulent behavior, but some do address the television industry as a whole. These articles for the most part seem to be complaining about politicians (more so than the advertisers themselves) and the fact that "it is not politically palatable"(Miller) to make more stringent laws against fraudulent advertising. This substance that politicians are not willing to make stricter laws for fear that they might make back to haunt them later. It is that topic that seemed to come up most in articles on false advertising.     Surveys have also been conducted to tell the amounts of "fraudulent" ads be seen on television and how they fluctuate from year to year. In the past ten years television ads which make fraudulent claims have "gone spile significantly"(miller). This is in part due to several new laws which have been established. It is doubtful however that much more stringent laws will be put ...

A Midsummer Nights Dream: Book Report :: A Midsummer Nights Dream, William Shakespeare

A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeargon is a Athenian comedy. Some of the characters are fairies, kings, queens, and plane get off class bulk. It isapparent what duration period this romance is from, because of virtually of the things thatTheseus, the duke of Athens, and Oberon, the king of the fairies, say in it. iodine of thesesuch quotes from Theseus is, Go, Master of Revels. Stir up the Athenian youth tomerriments, stir up the pert and nimble spirit of mirth, and all of Athens shallcelebrate. Yet an other(a)(prenominal) quote talking about the Athenians is spoken by Oberon, A good-natured Athenian lady is in love with a disdainful youth. You leave alone know him by theAthenian garments that he wears.In this story the lower class people are called mechanics. Before this storymany people may have thought a mechanic could only be some who worked on carsfor a living. Boy, were they ever wrong. The mechanics in this story are far to dumb toever work on anything. Th ey even manage to turn a Greek tragedy into a comedy,because of their inadequacy of acting skills. One such character is Bottom, a line that he hasto say is suppose to be serious and sad, but he turns it into something grotesque because ofthe way he says and acts it. Thus die I, thus, thus, thus. Now I am dead. I die, die,die, die, die, and yet he does not die for quite some time. Some changes that the characters made through out the play were quiteinteresting. Puck, a kind of evil fairy, plays a trick on his queen Tatania. He changesBottom, a mechanical, into a donkey and makes Tatania fall in madly in love with him. After a little while he decides to allow her see what she was actually in love with and shestarts to scream. Its quite derisory that a fairy could be so evil. In all the other storiesthat are ever read make fairies out to be nice things that grant wishes and such. Whowould ever think that they would play crewel tricks on people worry that. Puck withal putsa typ e of love potion in the eye of Lysander and Demetreuis to make them fall in lovewith Helena instead of Hermia. Which also a evil plan.This book was very interesting to read. There are some very interesting thingsto be learned from this book.

where did all the yams go? :: essays research papers fc

What Ab off altogether Those Yams?After all those stories and discussions about yams, I was curious to see what exactly Nigerians eat. As an agricultural society, most of their food comes from farming. They do have meat, barely yams are the main food component of their diet. Most Nigerians eat a light breakfast and have their main meal in the new-made afternoon (Chroness). For meats, Nigerians have goat, cow, chicken, turkey, geese, guinea fowls, pigeon, fish, shrimp, crab, and other seafood. For fruits and vegetables, they have oranges, bananas, pineorchard apple trees, tangerines, carrots, watermelons, guava, melons, limes, grape fruits, mangos, apple (tinier than Ameri nominate apples and pink and fair in color), peppers, tomatoes, onions, peas, and many other things (Chroness). Yams, cocoyams and saintlike potatoes are popular in Nigeria. Ah, those yams, likewise called isu. The image we, as Americans, have words up when we think of yams is not the same as Nigerian yams. These yams can grown up to 7 feet long and weigh approximately cl pounds. They have three (3) types of yams white, yellow, and water yams (Gourmet). There are numerous shipway to prepare and serve this abundant Nigerian food staple. However, they must be cooked, otherwise they are very toxic. Plain boil yams, either white or yellow, are peeled, sliced up, usually into pieces about 3 centimeters, and stewed in water with salt. It is accompanied with vegetable oil, palm, oil, eggs, beans, and sometimes soup (Gourmet). other popular meal is a variation of the above using boiled yams requires pounding the yams and forming small smooth balls with the them, it is eaten with vegetables, meat or fish soup. Nigerians also fry their yams. White or yellow yams are cut up into long thin squares and fried in vegetable oil or palm oil (Lipman). This is usually eaten by itself or occasionally as a side dish. Another dish is ojojo. This dish consists of cut up water yams that are fried in veget able oil or palm oil. This dish is also usually eaten on its own(Recipes). Asaro is white or yellow yams peeled, sliced, and diced into small cubes, then cooked with ground tomatoes, peppers, sometimes meat, other spices, and comes out reddish in color (Recipes). Ikokore is similar to asaro, but it is made with antithetic yams. Yes, there are different forms of yams The water yam is softer in food grain and, when cooked, it usually comes out a brownish color.

The Role of Gender in Art Essay -- feminist art

Introduction sexuality is defined here as the cultural plait of femininity and masculinity, as opposed to the biologic sex (male or female) which we be born with. Although womens liberationist theory in its various airs does non offer any single explanation of the differences between men and women, intimately feminists would reject the idea that male and female characteristics can be form exclusively in any fixed biological attributes. Although some feminists are more concerned than others with tracing of masculine and feminine characteristics to their essential biological roots (essentialists), most feminists from a wide range of positions have contributed to the design about the relative importance of social, cultural and psychic forces in the construction of identity as either feminine or masculine.1This strain will initially address how device history has been established by feminist historians in the latter part of the twentieth century. It will then discuss two pai rs of mutually contemporary works of art whilst attempting to introduce concepts into the banter of the works themselves, in order to point to differences or similarities in technique, form and style, and ways to approach an analysis of the work. Finally a conclusion will be drawn on the importance of the role of gender arising from the discourse.Gender and the role of gender is now a major part of the substitution class of the historiographical study of art. Since the 1970s feminist art historians have challenged the extant tenets of art history and have explored radical approaches to gender in art. It is important to flavour that art historians have formed a crucial part of the wider overturn concerning feminism.Linda Nochlins essay Why Have There Been No outstanding Wome... ...erasure from the history. The work is chronological in sequence, which according to Chicago traces the social origins and pin of matriarchy, its replacement by patriarchy, the institutionalisation of male oppression and of womens retort to it. The Dinner Party is both clumsy and pathbreaking The Dinner Party is proficient on time. It comes in the wake of modernism, in loud colours and emotional, peaky tone it rides on the wave of feminist study and insight it takes seriously both the truths and excesses of female consciousness it fills a large room it engage some 400 (sic) workers in something bigger than anyone it can non be ignored and it should not go away.

Choclate Happiness :: Happiness Essays

A smile, a laugh, a quick thought, comet-like nights, walking in warm rain storms, playing soccer, chocolate these be in all things that make me happy. It may be different for the person sitting next to me in my advanced composition class, but everyone feels it. Happiness is an feeling that is the product of an object or an event. It is something that makes a man in his eld of aged wisdom stop, smile, and hypothesise of happy times. To me happiness is like a piece of chocolate, it is something that everyone wants, something that we sometimes have to work hard for, and something that is always cost the risk of acting in order to have it.Everyone wants chocolate. The food of the gods burnt umber covered cherries, chocolate cake, chocolate mints, white chocolate, dark chocolate, milk chocolate, chocolate, and much chocolate. It is plain to see chocolate is a happiness for me. For those who dont like chocolate it is the equal concept. There is something bug out there tha t an individual person on the nose cant get enough of, just one of those little things that make them enormously happy. It doesnt matter if that be chocolate, playing football, or holding the hand of a loved one, everyone has something out there that makes him or her happy, and everyone desires to have that feeling. Bear with me for a moment and participate in a little experiment. Think of something that makes you as an individual happier then anything else in the world. Think of the number one thing on that implausibly long list of nouns that describe happiness, and ponder it for a moment. what emotion are you feeling right now, and can it be called happiness? Now think of what it would be like to lose that number one item. No how do you feel? The fact is we all want to have that feeling, that emotion of happiness. We all live with the objective of being happy, out lives our different and yet the same Anne Frank. Everyone wants happiness, everyone wants chocolate. The best cho colate is the homemade resistant the best happiness is the kind that is worked for. The best kind of chocolate is real chocolate. Something that I have a lot been told is that if you are going to do something then it is worth doing the best that you can.